Nursing

INTRODUCTION

The largest group of workers in the health sector are those in the nursing occupations ; nurses and nursing assistants. Their training and education imparts knowledge and skill to work in hospitals, nursing homes, sanatoriums, schools, industry and private medical clinics. In hospitals and other inpatient institutions such as nursing homes staff nurses are required to work with patients under a particular category e.g. surgical cases, ophthalmic patients or pediatric cases. With the advancement in medical science, nursing education and care has been constantly improving.

NATURE OF WORK

Hospital nurse constitute by far the largest group of nurses. The job of a nurse is to give bedside care to convalescing patients. They have to record temperature, pulse rate, administer medication orally and hypodermically (injections), change dressings, assist patient in personal care, prepare patient for surgery and all other duties which incorporate both skill and understanding of patients needs. In short they work with doctors for speedy recovery of patients.

Apart from that a school nurse supervises student's clinic, attends to injuries and any sudden illness amongst children. Industrial nurses render preventive, remedial and educational nursing service under the directions of the Industrial Physician. Psychiatric nursing, pediatric nursing, operation theatre nursing, cardiac care nursing require additional training and work experience in these specialized fields. These trained nurses work in hospitals which render these specialist medical services. In the working hierarchy senior nurses are designated as Matron or Nursing Superintendent and they are responsible for supervision of the work of nurses and related administrative duties.

STUDY / TRAINING

For B.Sc Nursing, training period is of 3 years after class XII. Auxlliary nursing diploma, midwifery diploma/certificate course and health visitors courses are of 2 and 1 year after 10+2. However, post certificate auxillary nursing and midwifery certificate holders can do B.Sc nursing condensed course of 2 yrs and become graduate nurses. They can further specialize for working in the operation theatre, cardiac care units, neurological surgery centres, nephrology unit management etc. They can also join nursing training schools and colleges after doing M.Sc Nursing. There are several colleges and hospitals which offer B.Sc, nursing degree and general nursing management (G.N.M.) certificates.

Para Medical Sevices

Introduction:
Paramedical staff includes physiotherapists, occupational therapists, prosthetic and orthotic technicians, medical technologists, radiographers and radiotherapists.

Nature of work:
Physiotherapists: their job is to restore mobility, alleviate pain and suffering, and to prevent permanent disability in patients. They treat fracture of bones, sprains, neurological disorders
Caused by trauma, infection and paralysis.they work with burn patients,cardiac patients and cancer patients. Physiotherapists can specialize in one of the following specialisations
cardiopulmonary
clinical electrophysiology
neurological physical therapy
pediatric physiotherapy
geriatric physiotherapy
sports physiotherapy

Occupational therapists:
They treat patients with physical and spastic disabilities. They assist the patients with artificial limbs, patients with neurological disorders, premature infants, disabled patients etc.

Prosthetic and orthotic engineering:
They deal with physically disabled,crippled,and orthopaedically handicapped persons.
Orthotists work with patients with limb or spine related disabilities and design and create corrective devices. They work on physicians directions regarding treatment.

Medical technologists:
These are involved in laboratory tests required for detection,
Diagnosis and treatment of disease their work is to carry out different kinds of tests and their analysis to operate ecg's and recording them.

Radiographers and radiotherapists:
Radiographers conducts x-rays ,CT scans,MR scans which are then seen by radiologists for diagnostic purposes. They operate equipments which are intended to study images of body tissues, bones and organs for diagnosis and therapy.
Radio therapists give s radiation to cancer patients.

Personal attributes:
Patience and perseverance, ability to deal with people, ability to maintain records, understanding and caring attitude, ability to plan and coordinate and scientific bent of mind are required.

Courses offered:
Physiotherapy ,medical technology, occupational therapy are offered as a degree as well as
Diploma courses after 10+2. Degree course is of 4½years duration while diploma course is of 2 years.
medical technology, radiography is offered as a 3 years bachelors course.

Eligibility
Students who have done 10+2 with science are eligible to pursue a course in paramedical sciences.selection is through entrance test.


institutes/colleges
Colleges offering courses in physiotherapy(b.p.t), occupational therapists(b.o.t)


Universities/colleges


Course offered

Utkal universities,

Bhuveneshwar


Bot, bpt

University of delhi




B.sc.(h) phy,

Ocu.therapy

Kurukshetra university




Bpt

Pgimer, chandigarh


Bpt

Barkatullah vishwavidyalaya


B.sc.(physco)

School of physco and

Occupational therapy

sms medical college, jaipur


Bpt

Mother terassa institute of paramedical science


Bpt

School of physcotherapy,

Ahemdabad


Bpt

Ms university of baroda, vadudra


Bpt

Lokmanya tilak medical college

school of physcotherapy

Mumbai


Bpt

B.sc.(ot&pt)

National institute for orthopedically hadicapped, kolkatta


Bot

Occupational therapy training school, mumbai


Bpt,bot

Cmc, vallore


Bpt,bot

Annamalai university


Bpt

J j college of physcotherapy


Bpt

Kasturba medical college,manipal


Bpt

Banglore medical college


B.sc.(physco), b.sc(mlt)

Institute for the physically handicaped, university of delhi


B.sc.(h) phy.therapy

B.sc.(h) ocu.therapy

Ayurvedic and Unani Medicine

INTRODUCTION
Ayurvedic medicine finds its origin in Vedic times and is based on medical and curing properties of herbs. Diagnostic procedures are simple and use non invasive procedures. Patients are examined by simple processes as introgration, Blood Press. Measurement etc. and general medicines are prescribed for improvement of health and prevention of disease.

JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Doctors trained in Ayurvedic pattern of medicine can find job with Ayurvedic hospitals and medical colleges. Research Institutes and pharma industries.

COURSES OFFERED
Ayurvedic can be studied after 10+2 .The degree is of 5 year duration including internship.Specialisation are offered after completion basic degree BAMS and course is of 3 year duration.

SPECIALISATION OFFERED
Dravyaguna - Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology
Kayachikitsa- Internal Medicine
Ayurvedic siddhant & Darshan
Mano Roga and Mano vygyan -Psychiatary&Psychology
Shalya- Surgery
Vikriturgyana and Roga Nidan - Diagnostic method and Pathology
Rasshastra and Bhaishaya Kalpana-Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics
Prasuti Tantra and shtri roga- Obstetics and Gynaecology
Shalakya - Opthalomology

ELIGIBILITY
Any student who has passed 12th with Science Biology from any recognized Board are eligible to pursue a course in Ayurvedic Medicine.

INSTITUTES
BAMS is offered in about 150 medical colleges all over India. Selection is through entrance test at state level.

* J.B.Roy state Ayurved Medical College, Calcutta

Homeopathy

INTRODUCTION
Homeopathy differs considerably from the allopathic form of medicine in diagnostic and treatment procedures. It is based on the principle of like are cured by likes. Homeopathy goes into the details of patient's history and then starts their treatment; the procedure is slow but removes the disease from its roots.

PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES
A calm, cool, and composed personality is required.

COURSES OFFERED
Homeopathy can be pursued after 10+2 as a regular 4 year course Diploma in Homeopathy Medicine and Surgery. (DHMS) and five and half year degree course BHMS including internship. Admission is based on the entrance test conducted at state level, though some universities also offer admission on the basis of marks obtained at +2 level.

JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Doctors trained in Homeopathy can find job in Homeopathic Hospitals, Govt. Dispensaries, and Voluntary organizations.

ELIGIBILITY
Students who have passed 10+2 with Science Biology

INSTITUTES
R.B.T.S. Govt. Homeopathic medical college, Muzaffarpur
Calcutta Homeopathic Medical college and Hospital, Calcutta
National Institute of Homeopathy, Calcutta
Dr. Abhin Chandra Govt. Medical College, Bhuveneshwar
Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh
Nehru Homeopathic Medical College, New Delhi
Hahnemann Homeopathic Medical College, Bhopal
LBS Homeopathic Medical College, Bhopal
State National Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow
State Kanpur Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kanpur
Ahemdabad Homeopathic Medical College, Ahemdabad
Dr. Madan Pratap Khuteta Rajasthan Homeopathic Medical College, Jaipur
Yuvraj Pratap Singh Memorial Medical College, Alwar
Bharthiya Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Bharatpur

DENTISTRY

Q1. What is the nature of work Of a dentist ?
Q2.What is the Eligibility to become a Dentist ?
Q3.What are the personal attributes of Dentist ?
Q4.What are the job prospects of dentistry ?

Q1. What is the nature of work Of a dentist ?

A1.Dentistry is basically concerned with all health problems related to the mouth, teeth and gums. It includes dental care and correction. Surgical, medical and other forms of treatment are as much part of dentistry as they are with other medical branches. To an extent, dentistry includes cosmetology too, where corrective treatment is involved. For apart from the routine extraction of teeth, filling, fitting dentures, surgery of mouth , replacement of extracted teeth through surgery and cleaning a patient’s mouth and teeth, the job also includes aligning and straightening teeth. Problems dealing with the jaw or any invasive oral procedure are usually undertaken by an oral surgeon. A significant part of a dentist's job involves educating patients about ways to preserve a healthy mouth, and the best dentists are skillful communicators.

Q2.What is the Eligibility to become a Dentist ?

A2.And now a look at the educational criteria one needs to satisfy to qualify for entrance to a basic degree course in dental science (Bachelor of Dental Science). One needs to have completed the twelfth standard examination with physics, chemistry, and biology. Admission to the graduate course is through a general, national level competitive examination. Allocation of institutions is generally based on merit. One also needs to remember that the academic study is for a period of four years and is followed by one year of rotating internship. Subjects such as basic anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology and microbiology are covered in the first two years. Specialisation and hands on training are provided in the last two semesters. Specialisation includes Orthodontics, Periodontics, Oral pathology, Oral surgery, Operative dentistry and Prosthodontics. The postgraduate course in dentistry (Master of Dental Science) is of two years’ duration and offers several specialities too.

Q3.What are the personal attributes of Dentist ?

A3.As with all medical professions, personal characteristics required for this branch of study too begin with a basic compassion for people, the ability to keep oneself updated on development and skills all the time and to integrate the knowledge gleaned, an excellent memory, immense patience, an ability to empathise with the patients, a healthy mind and body, the drive and stamina - both physical and mental-, to put in long hours of study and work (remember a dentist may have to remaining standing for hours together), a scientific temper, craftsmanship and dexterity. Personal Attributes Required As with most medical professions, a keen eye for detail, comprehensive medical understanding, manual dexterity, and strong interpersonal skills are important. Besides these the Dentist must also possess empathy and patience.

Q4.What are the job prospects of dentistry ?

A4. One generally begins one’s career as an assistant to an established practitioner. While one learns the tricks of running a private practice, this beginner’s job often involves a lot of administrative work too. Later he or she rises to become a partner in the practice. Or, with enough experience, one could set up private practice, which is a very lucrative option. However, the initial investment in terms of equipment and space could be pretty stiff; besides, it takes time to attract patients. There are excellent opportunities in hospitals and dental institutions too. Teaching and research are other options. Remuneration The returns for a beginner with a graduate degree could begin around Rs. 6,000 (all included) at government hospitals and less under private practitioners, while postgraduates may begin at Rs. 7,000 upwards.

Indian college graduates need some training in English

I came to India in order to access its workforce and I expected that all college graduates have strong language skills in English. After I spent a couple of months, I found that Indian college graduates have a lot of potential to become great workforce; however, they need some training when jobs require them to speak and write in English especially when they work for companies headquartered in US, UK, Australia and Canada(and other English speaking countries). The followings are areas in which they need some training.

Indian college graduates tend to write incomplete sentences and make many grammatical mistakes. Also they omit commas, periods and apostrophes. They often forget to capitalize certain letters, too. When they are instructed to not make those mistakes, they make a lot less mistakes. Also in most cases, they can find mistakes that they make. However, some training is definitely needed in this area so that they write properly subconsciously. All courses in college are taught in English expect for language courses like Hindi, Chinese and Spanish, but after all, they are not used to speak and write in English as a part of their daily life; this is probably the reason why they make mistakes that even they recognize.

Another common problem is spelling; more specifically, too many words are spelled in the way that they are often used in chartrooms and text messaging. While they understand that they cannot use spellings used in chartrooms and text messaging when they write official documents, they subconsciously use those spellings because it is a habit. Some training is needed in this area also.

Also Indian college graduates have a recognizable accent. It it not absolutely necessary for them to change their accent, but they should learn how to speak slightly differently. For example, they can speak slowly. They can imitate Americans and British (and other English speaking people). While having an accent is not a technical problem, it can result in a communication problem. It is rather important that they recognize that they are not making any technical mistakes in this regard, but it is also important that they need to change the way in which they speak slightly when they speak with Americans and British (and other English speaking people).

Over all, Indian college graduates have good language skills in English, but they are a bit rough. They have a lot of potential, but if they want to become competitive, some training in English is needed.

Engineering success in India

Much as I have respect for economic reasoning, I would still take a peek into the business world before I confirm my observations. I don't recall where I have heard this but it has stuck in my mind. Most economics authorship doesn't take note of two factors: evolving preferences and changing technology. And indeed it does seem to be confirmed when one looks at the market for schooling (and education) in India. This article In India, Engineering Success is a pointer to it. Relevant parts are quoted below.
What's made this engineering takeoff possible is not an increase in the supply of universities financed by taxpayers or foreign donors; it's an increase in demand for education from fee-paying students -- a demand to which entrepreneurs naturally respond. More than four out of five Indian engineering students attend private colleges, whose potential growth seems limitless. ...

Something similar is happening to the Indian school system, which has experienced a huge growth in private provision. Since the early 1990s the percentage of 6-to-14-year-olds attending private school has jumped from less than a tenth to roughly a quarter of the total in that cohort, according to India's National Council of Applied Economic Research. And this number may be on the low side. James Tooley of the University of Newcastle in Britain has found that in some Indian slums about two-thirds of the children attend private schools, many of which are not officially recognized and so may escape the attention of nationwide surveys.

The causes of this private-school explosion shed interesting light on debates about development, not just in India but throughout the poor world. The standard assumption among anti-poverty campaigners is that education leads to development; if you supply classrooms and teachers, progress will follow. Up to a point, India's success in brain-intensive industries such as software and pharmaceuticals lends substance to this theory: India's government has long invested in a few elite engineering schools, whose graduates are at the heart of the country's high-tech success. But it's also true that this elite pool of engineering excellence counted for little so long as statism stifled India's economy. It was only after market reform began in the 1990s that high-tech India took off.

Meanwhile, the recent private-education boom in India shows how causality can also flow the other way. Education may or may not spark development, depending on whether economic conditions favor it, but development certainly can spark an educational takeoff. Since India embraced the market in the early 1990s, parents have acquired a reason to invest in education; they have seen the salaries in the go-go private sector, and they want their children to have a shot at earning them. Private elementary schools improve kids' prospects because they teach in English, the passport to India's modern sector. Colleges such as the Vellore Institute of Technology promise the qualifications needed to work in the auto industry or in software. Once parents understand that education buys their kids into the new India, they demand it so avidly that public money for schoolrooms becomes almost superfluous.

Of course, India's progress isn't simple. The best engineers get snapped up by industry, so it's hard to find decent teachers to staff Vellore and other engineering schools. As a result, many of the new colleges teach kids little of value, and some science graduates end up unemployed. But the story of Vellore points to an important lesson. Apparently unconnected development policies -- cuts in tariffs and oppressive business regulation, or projects to build roads and power grids -- can sometimes stimulate new educational enrollment at least as much as direct investments in colleges or schools.
The last paragraph is important. It points to the necessity of the government focusing on roads, regulations and electricity (among other things) for they act as a springboard for markets to develop. The next question for the developing schooling market is how to address the question of quality and its signals.

Imagine you are a parent and trying to choose a school. Asking other parents may be one method but it may not be enough. Looking at board results may not tell all about a good school, and in fact you do not have board examination results in the elementary and middle school. Again, (and even from my experience in research on schooling in India), in today's schooling market, the fact that a school is teaching in english is enough for a parent to send a child to the school. And this happens even in the slums of Sangam Vihar in Delhi, where you have an unrecognized school in every gulley, and the trigger for the demand is largely English. What about grade inflations by schools to please students and parents? A schooling education is not like a car whose quality can be confirmed easily. There are limitations, but then that very fact may beget more business opportunities.